Tobacco Smoking Is The Largest Single Preventable Cause Of...

Overview ‘’ Tobacco smoking is the largest single preventable cause of death and disease in Australia† (Cancer Council, 2006). The 2003 Australian Burden of disease study considers tobacco smoking as a leading cause of disease burden in Australia (Begg S, 2003). Anti-Cancer Council of Australia conducted its first national survey which shows that during the middle of last century, large numbers of males aged 16 and over were smokers and compared to females. However, in the following decades, the prevalence of smoking decreased among males due to publicity regarding health effects of smoking which first started in 1950s and early 1960s (Gray N and Hill D, 1975). According to the survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of statistics in†¦show more content†¦These campaigns include media- based and other strategies to raise awareness among public about risk associated with smoking. â€Å"Australia has been considered as a world’s leader in production and broa dcasting of mass media campaigns to reduce smoking and first employed tobacco control mass media campaign in 1970s†. During 1980s, mass- media led anti-smoking campaign was conducted in Sydney and Melbourne (Pierce JP, 1986) . During the first year of the campaign, Sydney showed a marked decrease of 2.5 % in prevalence of smoking rate (Dwyer T, 1986). A similar result was seen in Melbourne campaign in its first year of campaign. This decline continued over the next 4 years for men in both cities (Pierce JP M. P., 1990). In Australia, led mass media campaigns have resulted in reduction in prevalence of smoking both in terms of smokers to quit smoking and in reducing the uptake of smoking among children. National Tobacco Campaign: During 1980s and early 1990s a steady reduction in smoking prevalence was observed, therefore a National Tobacco campaign was developed (Hill DJ, 1998). This campaign targeted smokers aged 18- 40 years. The evaluation of National Tobacco campaign shows significant reduction in prevalence of smoking among Australian adults (AIHW, 2005) . A decline from 23.5 % in May 1997 to 20.4% in November 2000 was seen in campaign survey (Wakefield M, 2004). Overall the campaign survey shows

What I Learned from Studying the Rise and Fall of Enron

In an ideal world there would be no corruption, no conflict, and no need for regulations. But this is not an ideal world and these problems happen every day. The business world is not exempt from this problem. Many businesses rely on ethics to help guide their company successfully. Our textbook Business Ethics: How to Design and Manage Ethical Organizations Denis Collins defines ethics as, â€Å"the set of principles a person uses to determine whether an action is good or bad† (5). All over the world there are businesses that take part in unethical behavior for many different reasons. Some countries even allow these unethical conducts, such as bribery, as a part of the norm. But for the United States, we have a stricter set of principles in place to try and stop unethical business practices from happening. That doesn’t mean that they don’t happen. Collins discusses a 2009 survey conducted by The Ethics Resource Center on 3,010 employees. Collins states that, â₠¬Å"approximately half of the respondents observed at least one type of major ethical misconduct in the workplace during the past year, and nearly half of these violated the law† (6). If uncovered these corruptions are not tolerated and can lead to the fall of anything from a small mom and pop business to massive a Corporation. That is exactly what happened to the Enron Corporation back in 2001. In this essay I will discuss what exactly Enron is, the unethical business practices that occurred, and my opinion on the scandal andShow MoreRelatedBernard Madoff Scandal3036 Words   |  13 Pagesthe Financial Markets were riddled with corruption and fraud. At the beginning of the decade we saw the likes of Enron and WorldCom become insolvent due to accounting frauds of epic proportions. 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Lecture Notes For Never Events Required of The CMS Reimbursement Rules

Questions: 1. Helen Thomson who is also a nurse, and discuss the importance of their role as advocate for improving health care delivery. What specific bill(s) have they sponsored or supported that has/have influenced health care? 2. Discuss how the CMS reimbursement rules for never events required a shift in the patient care delivery model in inpatient facilities. Answers: 1. Helen Thomson, RN who is a nurse by profession serves as a representative in the California State Assembly. The relationship between a nurse and politics looks vague but in reality, nurses are capable of representing the entire health care sector in the United States of America. The legislation passes many laws, which affect the day-to-day routine, and practices of a nurse, which may affect the nursing practice and the entire health care sector negatively if its not considered from a point of view of a person serving the industry. Helen Thomson states that nurses have various leadership qualities, which are not usually recognized, this quality makes them a good candidate for various public office. Nurses have a lot of experience in working under serious situations; have excellent communication skills and experience in working with families, which makes them very suitable for politics (Ressler Glazer, 2010). Helen Thomson was registered as a nurse in the United States of America i n 1961 and was elected as a representative in the legislation in the year 1996. After her representation in the legislation, she has worked very hard to amend legislations on working condition of the nurses and to broaden the health care sector regarding nursing care. Helen has also motivated nurses all over the United States of America to come forward and speak about all the problems the nursing system in the United States of America faces. Helen Thomson introduced a Bill in the legislation to allow privileges to for nurses in Pennsylvania along with this Helen Thomson is working on a bill which will introduce the whistle blower protection for all nurses and health care professionals in the United States of America (Aiken et al., 2010). Helen Thomsons effort brought a revolution in the working conditions of the nursing services in the United States of America. The said bill is waiting for its final approval before it becomes a law. After the introducing of the said law, Helen Thoms ons work will surely be surely be very beneficial in improving the working conditions of the nurses in United States of America. 2. Never events are severe and preventable patient safety situations that can be prevented from occurrence if the available preventable care and measures are implemented. Never events include wrong side surgery, wrongful after care services, etc. The Nurses working in the United States of America have a very important role to play to prevent the never events. Health care centres and hospitals increase the number of nurses, which in return improves the quality of health care and reduces the incidents of never events. However, the term never events is a very negative term which affects a patient and the health care professionals physiologically (Castle Ferguson, 2010). Therefore, the said term never events need to be changed to make it always events, which will make the negative term sound positive and hopeful. This policy can be implemented by a number of efforts like disclosure of side effects and transparency policies with patient and families, guaranteed after care facilities, med ication error reduction techniques and mandatory readback for high-alert medication. The introduction of these policies in legislation in the United States of America will attract a positive long-term approach in the sector of health care and patient safety, which can be passed to the next generation of health care professionals. Thus the Centres of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) suggests to adopt a always events approach and let go of the never event approach in the health care sector in United States of America (Kuo et al., 2013). Reference List Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Cimiotti, J. P., Clarke, S. P., Flynn, L., Seago, J. A., ... Smith, H. L. (2010). Implications of the California nurse staffing mandate for other states.Health services research,45(4), 904-921. Castle, N. G., Ferguson, J. C. (2010). What is nursing home quality and how is it measured?.The Gerontologist,50(4), 426-442. Kuo, Y. F., Loresto, F. L., Rounds, L. R., Goodwin, J. S. (2013). States with the least restrictive regulations experienced the largest increase in patients seen by nurse practitioners.Health Affairs,32(7), 1236-1243. Ressler, P., Glazer, G. (2010). Legislative: Nursings engagement in health policy and healthcare through social media.OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,16(1), 1-5.

Pesticides Effects Essays - Biocides, Soil Contamination

Pesticides Effects There are many important issues in the world regarding the environment and it's affects on the average person. Though, the one that hits closest to home, worldwide, is the trust that individuals have in the food that they consume. Yet pesticides are still found daily in foods all around the world. Pesticides are toxins that are used by produce growers universally to control pests that can destroy crops. These toxins are being ingested by humans in the forms of fruits and vegetables that have remaining toxins on them. How safe are these toxins to humans and what is being done to safeguard the environment as well as the health of individuals? Does the average person consume harmful amounts of poison at every meal? If the levels are unsafe, why is this problem continuing to get a blind eye from the people who are supposed to protect society? These questions when asked only lead to more questions. Until things are done to change the systems of pesticide usage universally, society can never be sure as to the long term effects on our environment and what they are eating or giving to the future of our world, the children. In some foreign countries pesticides are used more frequently with legislative control than in the United States. In Mexico and South America, for example, many of the pesticides that the United States and Europe have banned, wind up being used on a majority of their produce crops. The largest problem with this is that Europe and the United States import from South America for produce all of the time. What good does it do to ban harmful agricultural chemicals to be used on domestically grown crops if crops in other countries are grown with these same harmful chemicals, and are then allowed to be imported? Mexico and South America are the leading suppliers of produce for the earth's population because their climate is very conducive to year around crops. Unfortunately those countries are also known for their large amount of insects of all varieties. These insects are steadily becoming more and more immune to toxins that are sprayed on crops. More than five hundred insects, one hundred and fifty plant diseases and two hundred and seventy weeds are now resistant to pesticides. Results are that U.S. growers as well, are steadily forced to apply more and stronger toxins. As the amount and the strength of the toxin increases, the immunity of the targeted insects to these toxins also increases. Total U.S. crop losses from insect damage has nearly doubled since 1945. Insecticide use during this same time has increased tenfold. This war will go on being waged until the game plan is changed. The produce export trade in some cities and countries constitutes the majority of their economy and they will protect the resulting income at all costs. These places have very little legislation to control chemical usage, and follow up on almost none of its effects. Officials do not care how it affects consumers, being adults or children. Even their own agricultural worker's health is of no concern. These officials only care about producing crops and exporting them with as little overhead as possible. The bottom line is, always has been, and always will be money. In Villa Juarez, Mexico, many children who work in the produce fields are coming down with mysterious illnesses and some people in this region put the blame directly on those children's contact with the chemical acephate and other pesticides that are used in that area. The use of acephate is illegal in the United States, but is perfectly legal in Mexico. Doctors in Juarez are treating unusually high amounts of cancer and also fifty to eighty cases of chemical poisoning per week in their agricultural workers. This continues to happen because the government and the growers do not take these illnesses seriously; the workers are expendable. Growers in Culcan Valley, Mexico use chemicals to increase production of produce sold in the U.S. every winter. Unfortunately, studies that were preformed by the Government Accounting office in Mexico showed that at least six pesticides that are illegal in the U.S. were still on the produce when it was exported. Moving on to South America, in Chile there are no clear guidelines governing the use of agricultural chemicals on produce crops. In the city of Rancaga, a large fruit growing region, a study was done to check the risks that rural workers face, and what they found was astounding. Dr. Maria Mella found that there is